¹û²èС˵Íø > ÃûÖøµç×ÓÊé > ÃÀ¹úÏÜÕþÀú³Ì:Ó°ÏìÃÀ¹úµÄ25¸ö˾·¨´ó°¸ >

µÚ1ÕÂ

ÃÀ¹úÏÜÕþÀú³Ì:Ó°ÏìÃÀ¹úµÄ25¸ö˾·¨´ó°¸-µÚ1ÕÂ


°´¼üÅÌÉÏ·½Ïò¼ü ¡û »ò ¡ú ¿É¿ìËÙÉÏÏ·­Ò³£¬°´¼üÅÌÉ쵀 Enter ¼ü¿É»Øµ½±¾ÊéĿ¼ҳ£¬°´¼üÅÌÉÏ·½Ïò¼ü ¡ü ¿É»Øµ½±¾Ò³¶¥²¿£¡
¡ª¡ª¡ª¡ªÎ´ÔĶÁÍꣿ¼ÓÈëÊéÇ©ÒѱãÏ´μÌÐøÔĶÁ£¡




×÷ÕߣºÈζ«À´



ÐòÑÔ

±ÈÎÒÄêÇáµÃ¶àµÄÀÏÓÑÈζ«À´²©Ê¿Í¬³ÂΰµÈÏÈÉúºÏ×÷׫дÁËÕⲿ¡¶ÃÀ¹úÏÜÕþÀú³Ì¡·£¬ÃüÎÒ×÷Ðò¡£±¾À´ÊDz»ÏëÔÚ×Ô¼º²»ÊìϤµÄÁìÓò·¢±íÒéÂ۵ģ¬ÒòΪ¶«À´µÄѧʶ¡¢Ñ§ÀúºÍÎıʶ¼ÔÚÎÒÖ®ÉÏ£¬Æñ¸Ò¡°²»Ê¶Ì§¾Ù¡±£¿ºÃÔÚÕⲿÊéÊÇд¸ø¶Ô·¨ÂÉÓÐÐËȤµÄ¹ã´ó¶ÁÕߣ¬¶ø²»ÊÇд¸ø·¨Ñ§×¨¼ÒµÄ£¬ÔÚ´ËÌí¼¸¾äÍâÐл°£¬ÁÂ×÷ÕߺͶÁÕß²»»áÌ«¼û¹Ö¡£

ÕÕÎÒµÄÀí½â£¬±¾ÊéµÄ°¸ÀýÖÐÌåÏÖ³öÀ´µÄ·¨ÖΣ¨rule¡¡of¡¡law£©¾«Éñ£¬Í¬ÎÒÃÇÒ»°ãËù˵µÄ¡°ÒÀ·¨¶øÖΡ±£¨rule¡¡by¡¡law£©£¬ÔÚÓ¢ÎÄÖÐËäÖ»ÓÐÒ»¸ö½é´ÊÖ®²î£¬¶þÕßµÄÇø±ðÈ´·ÇͬС¿É¡£¡°·¨ÖΡ±µÄÆÀÓï»òÖ÷ÌåÊÇ¡°·¨¡±¡£ÏÜ·¨×÷Ϊ¹ú¼Ò¸ù±¾´ó·¨ÊÇÖÁ¸ßÎÞÉϵģ¬ÈκÎÈËÁè¼ÝÓÚÏÜ·¨Ö®ÉÏ»òÕßÈκÎʱ»Åж¨Îª¡°unconstitutional¡±£¨Î¥ÏÜ£©£¬×ïĪ´óÑÉ£¡µ«ÔÚ¡°ÒÀ·¨¶øÖΡ±ÖУ¬ÆÀÓï±»ÓÐÒâ»òÎÞÒâµØÊ¡ÂÔÁË£¬¼´ÓÉ¡°Ë­¡±À´ÒÀ·¨ÖÎÀí£¿Õâ¸ö¡°Ë­¡±Óë¡°·¨¡±Ö®¼ä£¬Êë´óÊëС¡¢ÊëÖØÊëÇá¾ÍÓн²¾¿ÁË£¬¸ãµÃ²»ºÃ£¬¡°ÒÀ·¨¶øÖΡ±ÈÔÈ»¿ÉÄܱäΪ¡°ÈËÖΡ±¡£

ÏÔÈ»£¬·¨Âɱ¾ÉíÊDz»»áÈ¥ÖÎÀíµÄ£¬»¹ÒªÓÐÈË»ò»ú¹¹È¥½âÊͺÍÖ´ÐС£ÔÚ±¾ÊéÁоٵÄÃÀ¹ú°¸ÀýÖУ¬Ò»µ©ÊÂÇé³ÉΪ·¨ÂÉÎÊÌ⣬·¨Ôº¾ÍÊÇȨÍþ£¬Óɴ󷨹Ù×é³ÉµÄÁª°î×î¸ß·¨Ôº¾ÍÊÇ×î¸ßȨÍþ¡£ÔÚ¡°Dartmouth¡¡college¡¡v¡£¡¡Woodward¡±£¨1819£©ÖУ¬Áª°î×î¸ß·¨ÔºµÄÅоö¼ÈÎ¥±³ÁËNew¡¡HampshireÕþ¸®µÄÒâÖ¾£¬ÓÖÐû²¼ÖÝÒé»áͨ¹ýµÄ·¨ÂÉÎÞЧ£¬»¹ÍÆ·­Á˸ÃÖݸ÷¼¶·¨ÔºµÄÅоö£¬Î¬»¤ÁËÓйØ˽ÓвƲúÆõÔ¼µÄÉñÊ¥ÐÔ¡£ÕâÒ»ÅоöµÄ¸ù¾ÝÊÇÃÀ¹úÏÜ·¨µÚÒ»ÌõµÚÊ®¿îµÄÒ»Ïî¹æ¶¨£¬¼´²»µÃͨ¹ýÈκÎËðº¦ÆõÔ¼ÒåÎñµÄ·¨ÂÉ¡£ÔÚ¡°George¡¡W¡£¡¡Bush£»¡¡et¡¡al¡££»¡¡petitioners¡¡v¡£¡¡Albert¡¡Gore£»¡¡Jr¡££»¡¡et¡¡al¡£¡±£¨2000£©ÖУ¬¹²ºÍµ³×ÜͳºòÑ¡ÈËBush²»·þFlorida×î¸ß·¨ÔºµÄÅоö£¬ÉÏËßµ½Áª°î×î¸ß·¨Ôº£¬Áª°î×î¸ß·¨ÔºµÄ´ó·¨¹ÙÒÔ5Ʊ¶Ô4ƱµÄ΢Èõ¶àÊý²Ã¶¨Florida×î¸ß·¨Ôº¼ÌÐøÈ˹¤¼ÆƱµÄ¾ö¶¨Î¥ÏÜ¡£ÎÒÃÇÔÚÕâЩ°¸ÀýÖп´µ½µÄ·¨ÖÎÊÇ˾·¨¶ÀÁ¢µÄÍþÁ¦£¬ÊÇ·¨´óÓÚȨ¡¢·¨ÂɳÌÐòÖØÓÚÕþÖνá¹û¡£

µ±È»£¬ÕýÈç±¾Êé¶à´¦ÌáʾµÄ£¬ÃÀ¹ú·¨ÂÉÅоöÒ²»áÊܽðÇ®¡¢ÓßÂÛ¡¢ÕþÖΡ¢·¨¹Ù¸öÈ˵ĵ³ÅÉÉ«²ÊºÍÐÅÑöµÈ¶à·½ÒòËصÄÓ°Ï죬Òò´Ë¾ø·Ç×ÜÊǹ«ÕýÎÞ˽µÄ¡£µ«¡°George¡¡W¡£¡¡Bush£»¡¡et¡¡al¡££»¡¡petitioners¡¡v¡£¡¡Albert¡¡Gore£»¡¡Jr¡££»¡¡et¡¡al¡£¡±µÈ°¸Àý±íÃ÷£¬ÃÀ¹úÈ˶¼ÈÏΪ×îÖÕ½ÓÊÜ·¨ÂɲþöÊÇÌì¾­µØÒ壬ÎÞÂÛÆ乫ÕýÓë·ñ¡£¹«Ãñ¶Ô·¨ÂɵÄ×ðÖØÊÇÃÀ¹ú·¨ÖεÄÖØÒª»ù´¡¡£±¾ÊéÖÐÒýÓÃÁË·¨¹ú˼Ïë¼ÒÍпËά¶ûµÄÒ»¶ÎÆÀÂÛ£º¡°ËûÃÇ£¨Áª°î´ó·¨¹Ù£©µÄȨÁ¦ÊǾ޴óµÄ£¬µ«ÕâÊÇÊܵ½ÓßÂÛÖ§³ÖµÄȨÁ¦¡£Ö»ÒªÈËÃñͬÒâ·þ´Ó·¨ÂÉ£¬ËûÃǾÍÁ¦´óÎÞÇ¶øÈç¹ûÈËÃñºöÊÓ·¨ÂÉ£¬ËûÃǾÍÎÞÄÜΪÁ¦¡£¡±±ØÐëÇ¿µ÷Ö¸³öµÄÊÇ£¬ÃÀ¹úÈ˵ÄÊØ·¨¹ÛÄîͬËûÃǵÄȨÀû¹ÛÄîÊÇÒ»¸öÓ²±ÒµÄÁ½Ã棬ȱһ²»¿É¡£È¨ÀûÊÇÊܵ½·¨Âɱ£»¤µÄ£¬¹«ÃñÒò¶øÒ²ÓÐÊØ·¨µÄÒåÎñ¡£

ÔÚ¹«ÃñȨÀû·½Ãæ¸ü¾ßÃÀ¹úÌØÉ«µÄ¹ÛÄîÊÇ£º¸öÈËȨÀû²»ÊÇͳÖÎÕß´ÍÓèµÄ£¬¶øÊÇÓëÉú¾ãÀ´¡¢²»¿É°þ¶áµÄ¡£1776ÄêµÄ¡¶¶ÀÁ¢ÐûÑÔ¡·Ëµ£º¡°ÎÒÃÇÈÏΪÕâЩÕæÀíÊDz»ÑÔ¶øÓ÷µÄ£ºÈËÈËÉú¶øƽµÈ£¬ËûÃǶ¼±»ËûÃǵÄÔìÎïÖ÷¸³ÓèÁËijЩ²»¿ÉתÈõÄȨÀû£¬ÆäÖаüÀ¨ÉúÃüȨ¡¢×ÔÓÉȨºÍ×·ÇóÐÒ¸£µÄȨÀû¡£ÎªÁ˱£ÕÏÕâЩȨÀû£¬ËùÒÔ²ÅÔÚÈËÃÇÖмä³ÉÁ¢Õþ¸®¡£¶øÕþ¸®µÄÕýµ±È¨Á¦ÏµµÃ×Ô±»Í³ÖÎÕßµÄͬÒâ¡£¡±Õâ¾ÍÊÇ˵£¬ÊÇÉϵ۴´ÔìÁËÈËÈËƽµÈ£¬²¢¸³ÓèËûÃÇ×ÔȻȨÀû¡£Óɴ˿ɼû£¬ÃÀ¹ú¹«ÃñȨÀûµÄ¹ÛÄîÖÁÉÙ²¿·ÝÀ´Ô´ÓÚ×ڽ̡£¾ø´ó¶àÊýÃÀ¹úÈËÐÅÉñ£¬Ã»ÓÐÌý˵¹ýÄĸöÃÀ¹úÕþÖμһò·¨¹Ù¶ÔÿÕÅÃÀÔªÖ½±ÒÉ϶¼Ó¡×Åin¡¡god¡¡we¡¡trust£¨ÎÒÃÇÐÅÑöÉñ£©±íʾ¹ýÒìÒ飬ËùÒÔ£¬¡°Ì츳ÈËȨ¡±µÄ¹ÛÄîÊDz»ÈÝÌôÕ½µÄ¡£

¡¶¶ÀÁ¢ÐûÑÔ¡·µÄ˼ÏëÓÐÁ½¸öÖ÷ÒªÀ´Ô´¡£Ò»¸öÀ´Ô´ÊÇÒÔÔ¼º²¡¤¼Ó¶ûÎĽÌÒåΪºËÐĵÄÇå½ÌÖ÷ÒåÐÅÑö¡£17ÊÀ¼ÍÃÀ¹úÐÂÓ¢¸ñÀ¼Çå½ÌͽÖÐÊ¢ÐеÄÃËÔ¼¹ÛÄîºÅÕÙÈËÃÇ£¬ÒªÒÀÕÕÉϵ۵ÄÖ¼Òâ·þ´ÓËûÃǵÄͳÖÎÕß¼°ËùÔڵصķ¨ÂÉ¡£Í¬Ê±£¬ÔÚ¼Ó¶ûÎĽÌÒåÖУ¬Èç¹ûͳÖÎÕßµÄÐÐΪÔÚijЩ·½ÃæÎ¥±³ÁËÓëÉϵ۵ÄÃËÔ¼£¬¾ÍʧȥÁËÆäȨÍþÐÔ£¬ÈËÃñ¾ÍÓÐȨÀûÒ²ÓÐÒåÎñÍÆ·­ÆäͳÖΡ£

Thomas¡¡JeffersonÆð²ÝµÄ¡¶¶ÀÁ¢ÐûÑÔ¡·µÄÁíÒ»¸ö˼ÏëÀ´Ô´ÊÇ17ÊÀ¼ÍÓ¢¹úÕÜѧ¼ÒºÍÕþÖÎѧ¼ÒÔ¼º²¡¤Âå¿ËµÈÈ˵ÄÀíÂÛ¡£Âå¿ËÈÏΪ£ºÈËÃÇÎÕÓжÔÉúÃü¡¢×ÔÓÉ¡¢²Æ²úµÄ×ÔȻȨÀû£¬ÕâЩȨÀûÊÇÉñËù¸³ÓèµÄ£¬Òò´Ë²»ÄÜ°ÑËüÃÇÒƽ»¸øÁíÒ»¸öר¶ÏµÄȨÁ¦£»½¨Á¢Õþ¸®ÊÇΪÁ˱£Õ϶ø²»ÊÇËðº¦ÕâЩȨÀû£¬Òò¶øÕþ¸®Ò²²»Äܲ»¾­Í¬Òâ¾ÍÈ¡µÃ»òÔÙ·ÖÅä²Æ²ú¡£Âå¿Ë¹ØÓÚ·¨ÂɵĹ۵ãÊÇ£ºÈËÃÇÁ¢·¨²»ÊÇΪÁËÈ¡Ïû×ÔÈ»·¨»ò×ÔȻȨÀû£¬¶øÊÇΪÁ˸³Óè·¨ÂÉÔÚ×ÔȻ״̬ÏÂËùȱÉÙµÄÃ÷Îú¡¢¾«È·ÒÔ¼°¹«ÕýµÄʵʩ¡£×ÔȻȨÀûÈÔȻӦµ±±£Áô£¬¶øÇÒÖÆÔ¼ËùÓеÄÈË£¬¡°Á¢·¨ÕßÓëËûÈËƽµÈ¡±¡£¡¶¶ÀÁ¢ÐûÑÔ¡·°ÑÒ»°ãËùÖ¸µÄ×ÔȻȨÀûÖеIJƲúȨ¸Ä³ÉÁË¡°×·ÇóÐÒ¸£µÄȨÀû¡±£¬µ«ÔÚÃÀ¹úÈ˵ÄÐÄÄ¿ÖУ¬×ÔȻȨÀûÈÔÈ»Òâζ×Å¡°ÉúÃü¡¢×ÔÓÉ¡¢²Æ²ú¡±£¬·¨ÂÉÊ×Ñ¡ÊÇΪ·´¿¹Õþ¸®ÀÄÓÃȨÁ¦¡¢±£ÕÏÈËÃǵÄ×ÔȻȨÀû¶ø½¨Á¢µÄ¡£

¡°Éç»áÆõÔ¼¡±Ò²ÊÇÃÀ¹ú·¨ÖÎÖв»¿ÉȱÉÙµÄÒ»¸ö¸ÅÄÆäÖÐÐÄÄÚÈÝÊÇÕþ¸®ÊÇ×ÔÓɵġ¢¾ßÓеÀµÂµÄÈËÃÇ×ÔԸͬÒâµÄÈËΪ²úÎ²»´æÔÚÌìÈ»µÄÕþÖÎȨÍþ¡£Õþ¸®±ØÐëͬÈËÃñ¶©Á¢ÆõÔ¼²ÅÄÜÈ¡µÃͳÖεĺϷ¨ÐÔ¡£Éç»áÆõÔ¼ÂÛµÄÀíÐÔ»ù´¡Ò²Í¬»ù¶½Ð½ÌÓйأ¬¼´Ð½̽ÌÒåÖÐËù³«µ¼µÄ¸öÈ˵ÀµÂ×ÔÂÉ¡¢×ÔÖ÷ÔðÈκÍÒåÎñ¡£1994Äê11ÔÂÃÀ¹ú¹²ºÍµ³Í¬Ê±ÔÚ²ÎÒéÔººÍÖÚÒéԺȡµÃ¶àÊýϯλ֮ºó£¬ÒÔŦÌØ¡¤½ðÀïÆæΪÊ׵Ĺú»á¹²ºÍµ³ÈË·¢±íµÄһƪÐûÑÔÌâÄ¿¾Í½Ð¡°contract¡¡with¡¡America¡±£¨Í¬ÃÀÀû¼áµÄÆõÔ¼£©£¬ÕâƪÐûÑÔÉù³ÆҪͨ¹ýÖØе޽áͬÃÀ¹úÈËÃñµÄÆõÔ¼À´»Ö¸´ÈËÃñ¶Ô¹ú»áºÍÕþ¸®µÄÐÅÈΡ£

ÔÚÃÀ¹ú£¬×ÔȻȨÀûÊÇÉñÊ¥µÄ£¬Éç»áÆõÔ¼ÊÇÉñÊ¥µÄ£¬ÓµÓÐ˽ÓвƲúÊÇÉñÊ¥µÄ£¬¸ü²»Ïû˵£¬ÉñÓë¶ÔÉñµÄÐÅÑöÒ²ÊÇÉñÊ¥µÄ¡£ÕâЩ¹ÛÄîÈÚºÏÔÚÒ»Æ𣬲ÅÐγÉÁË·¨ÂÉÔÚÃÀ¹úµÄÉñÊ¥ÐÔ¡£Òò´Ë£¬Òª±È½ÏÉîÈëµØÁ˽âÃÀ¹ú·¨ÂÉ£¬¾Í±ØÐëÁ˽âÃÀ¹úÉç»áÉú»îµÄ·½·½ÃæÃ棻·´¹ýÀ´Ò²Ò»Ñù¡ª¡ªÒªÑо¿ÃÀ¹úµÄÈκÎÒ»¸ö²àÃ棬¶¼ÐèÒªÁ˽âÃÀ¹ú·¨ÂÉ¡£

ÖµµÃ³ÆµÀµÄÊÇ£¬±¾Ê鲢ûÓоͷ¨ÂÉ̸·¨ÂÉ£¬¶øÊÇÓÃÉú¶¯µÄ±Ê´¥¡¢ÏèʵµÄ×ÊÁÏÃèÊöÁË·¨ÖÎÔÚÃÀ¹úÉç»áµÄ¸÷¸ö·½Ãæ´ÓÉú¸ùµ½¿ª»¨µÄÀú³Ì¡£Áª°î×î¸ß·¨ÔºµÄ25¸ö¹ÊÊÂËùÌáʾµÄÊÇÒ»ÒÔ¹áÖ®¶øÓÖ²»¶Ï·¢Õ¹µÄÒ»ÖÖ¹ÛÄî¡¢Ò»ÖÖ¾«Éñ£¬ÃÀ¹úÏÜÕþµÄËáÌð¿àÀ±¾¡ÔÚÆäÖУ¬ÈöÁÕßȥϸϸƷζ¡£¶«À´²©Ê¿ÒªÇóÕⲿÊé¡°ÈÛѧÊõÖø×÷µÄ׼ȷÐÔºÍͨË׶ÁÎïµÄ¿É¶ÁÐÔÓÚÒ»Ì塱£¬ÎÒ¿´Õâ¸öÈÎÎñÊÇÔ²ÂúÍê³ÉÁ˵ġ£

×îºó£¬ÏëÌæ×÷ÕßΪ±¾Êé×ö¸öÌâ½â£¬µ«Ô¸²»ÊÇ»­ÉßÌí×ã¡£¡°ÏÜÕþ¡±Ò»´Ê£¬¡¶ÏÖ´úººÓï´Êµä¡·£¨2002Äê°æ£©µÄ¶¨ÒåÊÇ¡°ÃñÖ÷µÄÕþÖΡ±¡£ÊÖÍ·ÓÐÒ»²áÉϺ£´ÇÊé³ö°æÉç1980Äê³ö°æµÄ¡¶·¨Ñ§´Êµä¡·£¬ÆäÖн«¡°ÏÜÕþÔ˶¯¡±ÊÍΪ¡°ÕùÈ¡Öƶ©ÏÜ·¨¡¢ÊµÐÐÃñÖ÷ÕþÖεÄÔ˶¯¡±£¬²¢Ëµ¡°ÊÀ½çÉÏÀúÀ´µÄÏÜÕþ£¬¶¼ÊǸïÃü³É¹¦²¢ÓÐÁËÃñÖ÷ÊÂʵ֮ºó²ÅʵÏֵġ±£¬½Ó×ÅÕⲿ´ÊµäÔ®ÒýÁËËïÖÐɽΪ½¨Á¢Ãñ¹ú¶øÌá³öµÄ¡°¾üÕþ¡¢ÑµÕþ¡¢ÏÜÕþ¡±Èý½×¶Î¡£ÏÔÈ»£¬±¾Êé¡°ÃÀ¹úÏÜÕþÀú³Ì¡±Öеġ°ÏÜÕþ¡±£¬¾ø·Ç¡°Á¢ÏÜÕþÖΡ±»ò¡°ÃñÖ÷ÕþÖΡ±£¬Í¬ËïÖÐɽµÄ¡°ÏÜÕþ¡±´óÏྶͥ£¬¶ø´óÌåÊÇconstitutionalismµÄÒâ˼£¬¼´ÔÚÅÐÀý¡¢Ë¾·¨½âÊÍ¡¢°ä²¼·¨ÁîÖУ¬ÒÀ¾ÝÏÜ·¨Öð²½ÐγÉÒ»ÕûÌ×·¨ÂÉÌåϵ£¬½èÒÔÖÎÀí¹ú¼Ò¡£´Ó¡°ÏÜÕþ¡±µÄ²»Í¬¶¨ÒåÖУ¬¿ÉÒÔÌå»áµ½ÖÐÃÀÁ½¹úÔÚ·¨ÂÉÌåϵºÍ¹ÛÄîÉϵľ޴ó²î¾à¡£¶øÕýÊÇÕâÖÖ²î¾à£¬²Åʹ±¾Êé¾ßÓÐÆä¼ÛÖµºÍȤζ¡£

ÕâÒ»½âÊÍÊÇ·ñÕýÈ·´ïÒ⣿»¹Ç붫À´²©Ê¿µÈ·½¼ÒÖ¸½Ì¡£

Íõ¼­Ë¼¡¡¡¡2002Äê³õÇïÓÚ±±¾©Ô¢Ëù

£¨±¾ÎÄ×÷ÕßΪÖйúÉç»á¿ÆѧԺÃÀ¹úÑо¿ËùËù³¤¡¢ÖлªÃÀ¹úѧ»á»á³¤£©

Ç°ÑÔ

ÃÀ¹úÁª°î×î¸ß·¨ÔºÂÔÂÛ

2000ÄêÃÀ¹ú×Üͳ´óÑ¡ÄѲú£¬¹²ºÍµ³ºòÑ¡È˲¼Ê²ºÍÃñÖ÷µ³ºòÑ¡È˸ê¶ûµÄÕþÖÎǰ;¾¹È»ÏµÓÚ·ðÂÞÀï´ïÖݵÄÇøÇø¼¸°ÙÕÅѡƱ£¡Îª´Ë£¬Ë«·½´òµÃ²»¿É¿ª½»£¬»¹ºÃ²»ÊÇÔÚ°×¹¬ÃÅÇ°ÎèǹŪ°ô£¬¶øÊÇÔÚ·¨ÔºÉÏ´½Ç¹Éལ¡£Ë«·½¼¸¾­¹ýÕУ¬×îºó°Ñ¹Ù˾´òµ½ÁËÁª°î×î¸ß·¨Ôº£¬ºóÕßÒ»´¸¶¨Òô£¬½â¾öÁ˳¤´ï36ÌìµÄ×ÜͳÄѲúΣ»ú¡£

ÓÉ·ÇÃñÑ¡µÄ×î¸ß·¨Ôº´ó·¨¹ÙÀ´½â¾öѡƱͳ¼ÆµÄ·×Õù£¬½ø¶ø¾ö¶¨ÁË×Üͳ±¦×ùµÄ¹éÊô£¬Õâ¶àÉÙÊÇÃÀ¹úÃñÖ÷µÄÞÏÞΡ£²»¹ý£¬ÔÚ³°Ð¦ÃÀ¹úÃñÖ÷Öƶȡ°²»ÃñÖ÷¡±µÄͬʱ£¬ÈËÃÇҲʵʵÔÚÔڵظÐÊܵ½ÁËÃÀ¹ú·¨ÖεÄÍêÉƺͶԷ¨ÔºÈ¨ÍþµÄ×ðÖØ¡£ÔÚÃÀ¹úÁª°î×î¸ß·¨ÔºÒÔ5±È4һƱ֮²î×÷³öÁ˲»ÀûÓÚ¸ê¶ûµÄÅоöºó£¬¸ê¶ûÓÅÑŵسÐÈÏʧ°Ü£º¡°ÎÒËäÈ»ºÜÄÑͬÒâ×î¸ß·¨ÔºµÄ¾ö¶¨£¬µ«ÊÇÎÒ½ÓÊÜËü¡£ÎÒ½ÓÊÜÕâÒ»ÅоöµÄ×îÖÕȨÍþ£¬¡­¡­ÎªÁËÎÒÃÇÃñ×åµÄÍŽáºÍÎÒÃÇÃñÖ÷µÄÁ¦Á¿£¬ÎÒ¹°ÊÖÈò½¡£¡±

Ò»

¶ÔÔ¶ÔÚ´óÑó±Ë°¶¸ô°¶¹Û»ð¡¢ÐÀÉÍÃÀ¹ú´óÑ¡±¯Ï²¾çµÄÖйú¶ÁÕßÀ´Ëµ£¬Ó¡Ïó×îÉîµÄ¿ÉÄܲ»ÊDz¼Ê²ºÍ¸ê¶ûµÄ½Ï¾¢£¬¶øÊÇ×îÖÕÓÉ×î¸ß·¨ÔºÀ´¶¨¶áµÄ½â¾öÎÊÌâµÄ·½Ê½¡£ÕâÑù£¬Æ½Ê±²»ÏÔɽ¶ˮµÄÃÀ¹ú×î¸ß·¨ÔºÒ²¿ªÊ¼½øÈëÖйú¶ÁÕßµÄÊÓÒ°¡£ÔÚÒ»¸öȱ·¦·¨Öδ«Í³µÄÉç»áÖУ¬ÎÒÃÇ¿ÉÄÜÎÞ·¨Àí½âÃÀ¹úÁª°î×î¸ß·¨ÔºµÄȨÁ¦ºÍȨÍþ¡£ÃÀ¹ú·¨ÔºÄĶùÀ´µÄÕâô´óµÄȨÁ¦£¿ËüºÎÒÔÄܹ»»ñµÃ±»ÍòÃñ¾°Ñö¡¢Á¬×Üͳ¶¼µÃÈÃËüÈý·ÖµÄȨÍþ£¿ËüÓÖÒÔʲôÐÎʽÀ´Õ¹Ê¾¡¢Î¬»¤ºÍ¹®¹Ì×Ô¼ºµÄȨÍþ£¿

µÄÈ·£¬ÔÚµ±½ñÊÀ½ç¸÷¹úÕþ¸®ÖУ¬Ëƺõ»¹Ã»ÓÐÄĸö¹ú¼ÒµÄ˾·¨²¿ÃÅÓµÓÐÃÀ¹ú×î¸ß·¨ÔºÄÇÑùµÄȨÁ¦ºÍȨÍþ¡£ÕâһȨÁ¦À´×ÔËü¶ÔÃÀ¹ú¸ù±¾´ó·¨¡ª¡ªÏÜ·¨µÄ¡°»°Óï°ÔȨ¡±£¬ËüÊÇÃÀ¹úÏÜ·¨µÄ×îȨÍþºÍÖÕ¼«µÄ½âÊÍÕߣ¬ËüµÄȨÍþÀ´×ÔËüµÄ»ù±¾¹«Õý¡¢À´×ÔËü»ù±¾²»ÊÜÕþ¸®¸üÌæºÍÓßÂÛ±äǨµÄÎÒÐÐÎÒËØ¡£20ÊÀ¼ÍÃÀ¹úÖªÃûÕþÖμҡ¢ÖøÃû´ó·¨¹Ù²é¶û˹¡¤ÐÝ˹£¨Charles¡¡Evans¡¡Hughes£©ÔÚ1907ÄêµÄÒ»´ÎÑÝ˵ÖÐÔø¸Ð¿®µ½£º¡°ÎÒÃÇÉú»îÔÚÏÜ·¨Ö®Ï£¬µ«Õâ¸öÏÜ·¨ÊÇʲôÒâ˼ȴÊÇ·¨¹ÙÃÇ˵ÁËËã¡£¡±ËµÕâ·¬»°Ê±ËûÊÇŦԼÖÝÖݳ¤£¬ºóÀ´£¬ËûÆÆÌì»ÄµØÁ½¶È³öÈÎ×î¸ß·¨Ôº·¨¹Ù£¨1910©¤1916Èδ󷨹٣¬1930©¤1941ÈÎÊ×ϯ´ó·¨¹Ù£©£¬¸üÊÇÇ××ÔÌå»áµ½ÁËÕâ¾ä»°µÄ·ÝÁ¿¡£

¶Ô×î¸ß·¨ÔºµÄÕâÒ»¡°»°Óï°ÔȨ¡±£¬ÃÀ¹úÐÐÕþµ±¾ÖÍ·Í´²»ÒÑ¡£Ñ§Õß³öÉíµÄÃÀ¹ú×ÜͳÎéµÂÂÞ¡¤Íþ¶ûÑ·£¨Woodrow¡¡Wilson£¬1913£­1921ÄêÈÎÖ°£©¾ÍÔø±§Ô¹µÀ£º×î¸ß·¨Ôº¡°ÔÚ²»¼ä¶ÏµØ¿ª×ÅÖÆÏÜ»áÒ顱¡£ÖÁÓÚÊÇ·ñÕæµÄÈç´Ë£¬ËûµÄÇ°ÈΡ¢·¨¹Ù³öÉúµÄ×ÜͳÍþÁ®¡¤Ëþ·òÍУ¨William¡¡H¡£¡¡Taft£¬1909£­1913ÄêÈÎÖ°£©¿ÉÄܸüÓз¢ÑÔȨ¡£´Ë¹«Ò»ÉúµÄÃÎÏëÊǵ±×î¸ß·¨ÔºÊ×ϯ´ó·¨¹Ù£¬µ«È´Òõ²îÑô´íÏȵ±ÉÏÁË×Üͳ¡£×ÜͳÈÎÄÚ£¬Ëû´òÆƳ£¹æ£¬ÀûÓÃÖ°ÎñÖ®±ãÌáÃûÄêÀÏÌåË¥µÄ´ó·¨¹Ù°®µÂ»ª¡¤»³ÌØ£¨µ±Ê±ÒÑ65Ë꣩³öÈÎÊ×ϯ´ó·¨¹Ù£¨Edward¡¡White£¬1894£­1910ÄêÈδ󷨹٣¬1910£­1921ÄêÈÎÊ×ϯ´ó·¨¹Ù£©£¬Îª×Ô¼ºÍËÐݺó³öÈÎ×î¸ß·¨ÔºÊ×ϯ´ó·¨¹ÙÆÌƽµÀ·¡£1921Ä껳ÌØÈ¥ÊÀºó£¬Ëþ·òÍÐÈçÔ¸ÒÔ³¥Ö´ÕÆ×î¸ß·¨Ôº£¨1921£­1930ÄêÈÎÖ°£©£¬³ÉΪÃÀ¹úÀúÊ·ÉÏΨһһλ¼Èµ±¹ý¹ú¼ÒÐÐÕþÊ×ÄÔÓÖ×÷¹ý˾·¨×ܹܵÄÃÀ¹úÕþÖμҡ£ËûºóÀ´»ØÒä˵³öÈδ󷨹ÙÊÇËûÒ»Éú×îÓä¿ìµÄʱÆÚ¡£¿É¼û£¬Ëþ·òÍжԴ󷨹ÙְλµÄϲ°®Ô¶Ê¤¹ý×Üͳְλ¡£

²»¹ý£¬ÐèÒªÖ¸³öµÄÊÇ£¬ÃÀ¹ú½¨¹úÖ®³õ×î¸ß·¨Ôº²¢²»ÊǷdz£ÓÐÁ¦µÄ»ú¹¹£¬´ó·¨¹ÙÒ²²»ÊÇÒ»¸öÁîÈËÑöĽµÄλÖã¬ÒòΪÃÀ¹úÏÜ·¨µÚÈýÌõ¶Ô×î¸ß·¨ÔºÈ¨Ï޵Ĺ涨·Ç³£Áýͳ£¬Ö»Óж̶̵ÄÈý¿î£¬Ô¶²»¼°Á¢·¨£¨µÚÒ»Ìõ£©ºÍÐÐÕþ£¨µÚ¶þÌõ£©ÄÇÑùÏ꾡¡£Ëü¼ÈûÓÐÃ÷È·¹æ¶¨Áª°î×î¸ß·¨Ôº¸ßÓÚ¸÷Öݵķ¨Ôº£¬Ò²Ã»ÓÐÃ÷È·Ö¸³ö×î¸ß·¨Ôº¶Ô¹ú»áÁ¢·¨µÄ˾·¨Éó²éȨ¡£

¶øÇÒ£¬´Ó³öÉúÈÕÆÚÀ´¿´×î¸ß·¨ÔºµÄÒ²ÊÇÆäËûÁ½¸öÕþ¸®²¿ÃŵÄСµÜµÜ£º¹ú»áÀÏ´ó£¬ÖÚÒéÔººÍ²ÎÒéÔºÊÇ·Ö±ðÔÚ1789Äê4ÔÂ1ÈÕºÍ6ÈÕ³ÉÁ¢µÄ£»×ÜͳÀ϶þ£¬»ªÊ¢¶ÙÔÚ4ÔÂ30ÈÕÐûÊľÍÈÎÃÀ¹úµÚÒ»ÈÎ×Üͳ¡£¸ÃÄê9ÔÂ24ÈÕ£¬»ªÊ¢¶ÙÇ©ÊðÁ˹ú»áÁ½ÔºÍ¨¹ýµÄ¡¶1789Äê˾·¨ÌõÀý¡·£¬½¨Á¢ÆðÃÀ¹ú×îÔçµÄÁª°î˾·¨Ìåϵ£¬¼´ÓÉ6λ´ó·¨¹Ù×é³ÉµÄÁª°î×î¸ß·¨ÔºÒÔ¼°Óɴ󷨹ټæÈη¨¹ÙµÄ3¸öѲ»Ø·¨ÔººÍ13¸öµØ·½·¨Ôº¡£´ÎÄê2ÔÂ2ÈÕ£¬ÔÚŦԼµÄ»Ê¼Ò֤ȯ´óÂ¥£¨the¡¡Royal¡¡Exchange¡¡Building£©×î¸ß·¨ÔºÕýʽ³ÉÁ¢°ì¹«¡£

²»¹ý£¬µ±Ê±»ªÊ¢¶ÙÈÎÃüµÄ6Ãû´ó·¨¹ÙÖÐÖ»µ½ÁË4λ¡£ÂÞ²®ÌØ¡¤¹þÀïÉ­£¨Robert¡¡Harrison£©¸É´à¾Í¾Ü¾øÁË»ªÊ¢¶ÙµÄÈÎÃü£¬ÒòΪÔÚËû¿´À´£¬Ëûµ±Ê±µÄÖ°ÎñÂíÀïÀ¼Öݴ󷨹٣¨chancellor£©Òª±ÈÁª°î×î¸ß·¨Ôº´ó·¨¹Ù¸üÖØÒª¸üÌåÃæ¡£À´×ÔÄÏ¿¨ÂÞÀ´ÄɵÄÔ¼º²¡¤À­ÌØÀûÆ棨John¡¡Rutledge£©ËäÈ»²»ºÃ²µ»ªÊ¢¶ÙµÄÃæ×Ó£¬ÃãÇ¿½ÓÊÜÁËÈÎÃü£¬µ«È´´Óδµ½ÈÎÂÄУ¬Ò»Äêºó±ã´ÇÖ°È¥µ£ÈÎÄÏ¿¨ÂÞÀ´ÄÉÖÝ×î¸ß·¨ÔºµÄÊ×ϯ´ó·¨¹ÙÁË¡£ÉõÖÁ¾ÍÁ¬µÚһλÊ×ϯ´ó·¨¹ÙÔ¼º²¡¤½ÜÒÁ£¨John¡¡Jay£»¡¡1789¡­1795ÄêÈÎÖ°£©ºóÀ´Ò²ÁÌÌô×Ó²»¸ÉÁË£¬»Ø¼ÒÏçŦԼȥµ±ÁËÖݳ¤¡£Ëûµ±Ê±Ð´ÐŸøÔ¼º²¡¤Ñǵ±Ë¹×Üͳ£¨John¡¡Adams£»¡¡1796£­1800ÈÎÖ°£©±§Ô¹Ëµ£º¡°ÔÚÒ»ÖÖÓÐÈç´

·µ»ØĿ¼ ÏÂÒ»Ò³ »Øµ½¶¥²¿ ÔÞ£¨0£© ²È£¨0£©

Äã¿ÉÄÜϲ»¶µÄ