牛津实用英语语法-第61章
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You see this sort of advertisement everywhere.
你在任何地方都可以见到这种广告。
但较正式的英语要求用one+主动动词或用通常的被动形式。E 对所做的事比对做事的人更感兴趣时:
The house next door has been bought(by a Mr Jones).
隔壁的房子被(一个叫琼斯的先生的人)买下了。
如果认识琼斯先生,就会使用主动态:
Your father′s friend,Mr Jones,has bought the house next door.
你父亲的朋友琼斯先生买下了隔壁的房子。
同样:
A new public library is being built(by our local council).
正在(由我们地方议会)兴建一个新公共图书馆。
然而在不太正式的英语中,可用不定代词they(参见第节)和主动动词:
They are building a new public library.
他们正在修建一个新的公共图书馆。
而地方议会成员当然也可以说:
We are/The council is building…
我们/地方议会正在修建……
F 使用被动语态可避免说出别扭或不合语法的句子时。这样做通常可避免改换主语:
When he arrived home a detective arrested him.
他回到家时,一名侦探逮捕了他。
最好表示为:
When he arrived home he was arrested(by a detective).
他回到家就被(一名侦探)逮捕了。
When their mother was ill neighbours looked after the children.
孩子们的母亲生病时,邻居们照顾他们。
最好表示为:
When their mother was ill the children were looked after by neighbours.
孩子们的母亲生病时,他们由邻居们照顾。
G 有时为了心理学上的原因而选择使用被动态动词。说话人可能用这个办法来表示他对自己所宣布的令人不快的事情不负有责任:
Employer:Overtime rates are being reduced/will have to be reduced.
雇主:加班工资将调低/将必须调低。
如果宣布令人高兴的事项,则当然会使用主动态动词:
I/We are going to increase overtime rates.
我/我们将调高加班工资。
有时说话人可能知道动作是谁做的,但不希望提到他的名字。如汤姆怀疑比尔私拆他的信件,他可能会策略地说This letter has been opened(这封信有人拆过了)而不说You′ve opened this letter(你把我的信拆开了)。
H 关于have+宾语+过去分词结构的用法,如I had the car resprayed(我找人把汽车重新喷了漆),参见第119节。
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'Amber demo'
305 介词与被动态动词连用
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A 正如已经提到过的,要提到被动态动词的施动者时,前面须用by引导:
主动态:牋牋牋 Dufy painted this picture.
牋牋牋牋牋牋牋牋牋牋 达菲画的这幅画。
被动态:牋牋牋 This picture was painted by Dufy.
牋牋牋牋牋牋牋牋牋牋 这幅画是达菲画的。
主动态:牋牋牋 What makes these holes?
牋牋牋牋牋牋牋牋牋牋 是什么东西弄出这些破洞的?
被动态:牋牋牋 What are these holes made by?
牋牋牋牋牋牋牋牋牋牋 这些破洞是什么东西弄的?
注意下列句子:
Smoke filled the room.
房间里烟雾弥漫。
Paint covered the lock.
油漆涂遍了锁上。
它们的被动形式应当是:
The room was filled with smoke.
The lock was covered with paint.
这里针对的只是所涉及的物质而不是施动者本人。
B 动词+介词+宾语这一结构变成被动态时,介词应直接跟在动词之后:
主动态:牋牋牋 We must write to him.
牋牋牋牋牋牋 我们必须给他写信。
被动态:牋牋牋 He must be written to.
牋牋牋牋牋牋牋牋牋牋 必须给他写信。
主动态:牋牋牋 You can play with these cubs quite safely.
你和这些熊崽子玩不会有危险。
被动态:牋牋?These cubs can be played with quite safely.
牋牋牋牋牋牋牋牋牋牋 牶驼庑┬茚套油娌换嵊形O铡?
牋牋牋牋牋牋牋牋牋牋 对动词+介词/副词结构,也应同样处理:
主动态:牋牋牋 They threw away the old newspapers.
牋牋牋牋牋牋牋牋牋牋 他们把旧报纸扔了。
被动态:牋牋牋 The old newspapers were thrown away.
牋牋牋牋牋牋牋牋牋牋 旧报纸给扔了。
主动态:牋牋牋 He looked after the children well.
牋牋牋牋牋牋牋牋牋牋 他对孩子们照顾得很好。
被动态:牋牋牋 The children were well looked after.
牋牋牋牋牋牋牋牋牋牋 孩子们被照顾得很好。
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306 被动态动词后的不定式结构
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A 不定式结构用在acknowledge,assume,believe,claim,consider,estimate,feel,find,know,presume,report,say,think,under… stand等动词之后。(参见第245节。)
People consider/know/think等that he is…这类句子有两种被动形式:
It is considered/known/thought etc.that he is…
He is considered/known/thought etc.to be…
同样:
People said that he was jealous of her.
人们说他妒忌她。相当于:
It was said that he was…
He was said to be jealous of her.
据说他妒忌她。
在这两种结构中,用不定式的后一结构比较简洁。它主要用于be,尽管有时其他动词的不定式也可以这样用:
He is thought to have information which will be useful to the police.
人们认为他掌握了对警察有用的情况。
如句中所想到的内容涉及到以前的动作,则使用不定式的完成式,因此:
People believed that he was…相当于:
It was believed that he was/He was believed to have been…
People know that he was…相当于:
It is known that he was/He is known to have been…
这种结构可与任何动词的不定式的完成式连用。
B 不定式结构用在suppose后
1 suppose的被动态之后可以接任何动词的不定式的一般式,但这种结构通常都含有这是一种责任、义务的意思,因此并不是同suppose的主动态(常意为“推测”)完全对应的形式:
You are supposed to know how to drive.
你本该会开车。相当于:
It is your duty to know/You should know how to drive.
会开车是你的责任。/你该知道怎么开车。
但He is supposed to be in Paris既可能意思是他应该在那里,也可能是指人们猜想他在那里。
2 suppose的被动态后面同样可以跟任何动词的不定式的完成式。这种结构可以有责任和义务的含义,但也常常没有这种含义:
You are supposed to have finished.相当于:
You should have finished.
你早就应该完成了。
但是:
He is supposed to have escaped disguised as a woman.相当于:
People suppose that he escaped…
据猜测他是乔装打扮成女人逃跑的。
C 用在被动态动词后面的不定式通常是带to的不定式,尽管主动态动词后面可能带的是不带to的不定式:
主动态:牋牋牋牋 We saw them go out.
牋牋牋牋牋牋牋牋牋牋牋 我们看见他们出去了。
被动态:牋牋牋牋 They were seen to go out.
牋牋牋牋牋牋牋牋牋牋牋 有人看见他们出去了。
主动态:牋牋牋牋 He made us work.
牋牋牋牋牋牋牋牋牋牋牋 他强迫我们干活。
被动态:牋牋牋牋 We were made to work.
牋牋牋牋牋牋牋牋牋牋牋 我们被迫干活。
然而,惟独let的被动态后面的不定式不带to:
主动态:牋牋牋 They let us go.
牋牋牋牋牋牋牋牋牋牋 他们让我们走了。
被动态:牋牋牋 We were let go.
牋牋牋牋牋牋牋牋牋牋 我们被允许走开。
D 不定式的进行式可用于如下动词的被动式之后:believe, know,report,say,suppose,think,understand等。
He is believed/known/said/supposed/thought to be living abroad.相当于:
People believe/know/say/suppose/think that he is living abroad.
据信/据知/据说/据猜测/据认为他住在国外。
You are supposed to be working.相当于:
You should be working.
你本应在工作。
在这里也可用不定式的完成进行式:
He is believed to have been waiting for a message.相当于:
People believed that he was waiting for a message.
据信他当时一直在等待消息。
You are supposed to have been working.相当于:
You should have been working.
你那时本该一直在工作。
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'Amber demo'
第三十一章?间 接 引 语?
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'Amber demo'
307 直接引语和间接引语
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可以用两种方法重述人们说的话:直接引语和间接引语。
直接引语重述说话人的原话:
He said,‘I have lost my umbrella.’
他说:“我把伞丢了。”
这样被复述的话要放在引号之间,而在原话之前有一个逗号或冒号。直接引语一般用在书本的对话中,或用在剧本以及引文中。间接引语能准确传达原话的内容,但不一定要全部照搬原话:
He said(that)he had lost his umbrella.
他说他丢了伞。
表间接引语的动词say之后没有逗号,在say和tell+宾语之后的that也可以省略。但在plain,explain,object,point out,protest等动词之后,that不能省略。口头复述对话时,常多使用间接引语,但有时也可使用直接引语以产生更为生动的效果。
把直接引语变为间接引语时,常需对原句作某些改变。可以对陈述句、疑问句和祈使句分别加以研究,以求更好地弄清这些变化。
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'Amber demo'
308 间接引语中的陈述句时态须作必要的改变
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A 间接引语可以由用现在时态的动词引导:He says that…
这种用法常用于下列情况:
(a)复述仍在进行中的对话;
(b)读信件并转述信中的内容;
(c)读指示命令并转述其内容;
(d)复述某人经常说的话。
Tom says that he′ll never get married.
汤姆说他永远不结婚。
引述的动词如是一般现在时、现在完成时或一般将来时,在转述直接引语过程中可以不作任何时态改变:
Paul(phoning from the station):I′m trying to get a taxi.
保罗(从车站打电话来):我正在设法雇出租汽车。
Ann(to Mary,who is standing beside her):Paul says he is trying to get a taxi.
安(对站在身旁的玛丽说):保罗说他正在设法雇出租汽车。
B 通常间接引语都是由用过去时态的动词引导的。这时直接引语中的动词必须变成相应的过去时态。这些变化列表如下(在后五个例句中省去了that):
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C 注意I /we shall/should的用法
I/we shall通常在间接引语中变为he/she/they would:
‘I shall be 21 tomorrow,’said Bill.
比尔说:“明天我就21岁了。”相当于:
Bill said he would be 21 the following day.
比尔说第二天他就满21周岁了。
如果句子是由原说话人复述的,I/we shall就既可以变成I/we
should,也可以变成I/we would,但would用得更为普遍。
同样,I/we should在间接引语中通常变成he/she/they would:
‘If I had the instruction manual I should/would know what to do,’said Bill.
比尔说:“如果我有说明书,我就知道该怎么弄了。”相当于:
Bill said that if he had the instruction manual he would know what to do.
比尔说如果他有说明书他就知道该怎么弄了。
但是如果句子由原说话人复述,I/we should既可以保持不变也可以由would来代替。请见B中最后一个例句。
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309 过去时态有时保持不变
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A 从理论上讲,间