牛津实用英语语法-第30章
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今天我不能付你钱。你可以等到明天吗?
Could you wait?
您能等候吗?(参见下面B2。)
3 在现在完成时中,必须用be able形式:
Since his accident he hasn’t been able to leave the house.
自从他遇到意外以后,他一直没能出门。
B could
1 如存在着条件的含义,could可以用来表示现在时的意义:
Could you run the business by yourself?
你能自己管理这企业吗?(如果必要的话)
Could he get another job?
他能找到另一份工作吗?(如果他辞掉这份工作的话)
I could get you a copy.
我可以给你弄到一本。(如果你想要的话)
在头两个例句中could可以用would be able替代。
2 could you?是一种极好的表示请求的方式。它跟 would you?
可以替换使用,但比后者更有礼貌些:
Could you show me the way/lend me£5/wait half an hour?
你能给我指一下路/借我五英镑/等半小时吗?
Could you please send me an application form?
您能否寄给我一份申请表?
couldn't you?也是很有用的:
Householder:Could you e and mend a leak in a pipe?
房主:你能不能来修理一下管道?
Plumber:Would sometime next month suit you?
管道工:您看下个月什么时候合适吗?
Householder:Couldn't you e a little earlier?
房主:你是否能提前一些日子来?
C could和was/were able用于表示过去的能力
1 只表示一般的能力时,两者都可用:
When I was young I could/was able to climb any tree in the forest.
我年轻的时候,林子里的什么树我都能爬。
2 表示能力+特定行为时,要用 was/were able:
Although the pilot was badly hurt he was able to explain what had hap- pened.
飞行员的伤势虽然很重,但是他还能够解释发生的一切。(他能够而且的确作了解释。)
The boat capsized quite near the bank so the children were able to swim to safety.
船是在离岸很近处翻的,因此,那些孩子能够游到安全的地方。(他们能够也的确游到安全的地方。)
但是,这一规则用于否定句中表示未能发生的事时或与表示感觉的动词连用时,就不那么严格了:
He read the message but he couldn't/wasn't able to understand it.
他读了那张纸条,但却不懂是什么意思。
I could/was able to see him through the window.
我透过窗户能看见他。
D 过去完成式是 had been able:
He said he had lost his passport and hadn't been able to leave the country.
他说他丢了护照因而不能离开这个国家。(有关could在间接引语中的用法,参见第312节。)
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138 could+完成式
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A 这种结构表示过去的能力,表示动作并未付诸实施:
I could have lent you the money.Why didn't you ask me?
我那时是能借钱给你的。你为什么没有向我借?
(另参见第154节。)
或用于表示不知道行动是否已付诸实施的场合:
The money has disappeared!Who could have taken it?
钱不见了!谁会把它拿走呢?
Tom could have(taken it);he was here alone yesterday.
有可能是汤姆把它拿走的;昨天他单独一个人在这里呆过。
比较以下两句:
He was able to sent a message.
他设法送了个信来。(他送了。)
He could have sent a message.
他本可以送个信来。(他没有送,或者我们不知道他是否送过。)(另参见第135节。)
B could+完成式可表示因别人没做某事感到不满或责备:
You could have told me.
你本来可以告诉我的。相当于:
I am annoyed/disappointed that you didn't tell me.You should have told me.
你没告诉我,我感到不高兴/失望。你本来应该告诉我的。
说话的人要对自己希望强调的词重读。
(关于might的同样用法,参见第285节。)
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第十四章ought,should,must,have
to,need表示义务?
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139 ought的各种形式
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ought是情态动词。(参见第107节B。)
ought没有其他形式,可用于现在时以及将来时。用于过去时则位于动词过去式之后或不定式的完成式之前:
I ought to write to him today/tomorrow.
我今天/明天应该给他写封信。
I knew I ought to write to him.
我那时知道我应该给他写封信。
She said I ought to write.
她说我应该写。
I know/knew that I ought to have written.
我知道/那时知道我该写的。
否定式:ought not/oughtn't
疑问式:ought I?等
否定疑问式:ought I not?/oughtn't I?等
ought与带to的不定式连用。为了提醒学生这一点,常称之为ought to。
问句或话语中用ought to的时候,可以用 should来回答;用should的问句或话语也可以用ought to回答:
—You ought to put in central heating.
—Yes,I suppose I should.
—你应该装上暖气。
—是的,我应该装。
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140 should的各种形式
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should也是情态动词。
与ought的各种形式相同,should可用于现在时以及将来时。如位于动词过去式之后时,也可以用于过去时。在上文的各例句中should可代替ought to使用。
否定式:should not/shouldn't
疑问式:should I?等
否定疑问式:should I not?/shouldn't I?等
should后面带没有to的不定式(即动词原形)。
should和ought用于表示义务时通常意思是同样的,但should 是较为常用的形式。
在会话中 should/ought to常可单独使用,此时动词不定式省略而不说出:
—You should paint/ought to paint your door.
—Yes,I know I should/I know I ought to.
—你应当油漆—下你的门。
—对,我知道我该这样做。
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141 ought/should与must和 have to的比较
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A 用法的不同
1 ought/should表示主语的义务或责任:
You should send in accurate ine tax returns.
你应当寄去准确的个人所得税报表。
或指出—个正确、明智的动作:
They shouldn't allow parking here;the street is too narrow.
这儿不该允许停车;马路太窄了。
This word is spelt wrongly.There should be another‘s’.
这个字拼写错了,还应该有个“s”。
这不像must那样牵涉到说话人的权威,也不像 have to那样牵涉到外界权威(参见第145节),仅仅牵涉到良心或见识的问题:
Pianist to pupil:You must practise at least an hour a day.
钢琴师对学生说:你每天最少要练习一小时。
Pupil to musical friend:I have to practise an hour a day!
学生对爱好音乐的朋友说:我每天不得不练习一小时!
Musical friend:You ought to/should practise for more than an hour.
爱好音乐的朋友说:你应该每天练习不止一小时。
2 ought/should与must和have to之间的又一区别在于,用must 和have to时通常给人的印象是一种义务正在被履行或将被履行。主语为第一人称时尤其是这样,而其他人称为主语时也常是这样。但ought/should则不使人特别感到义务正在或将要被履行。它时常给人义务不在或不将得到履行的印象,在第一人称主语后更是如此。
如果一位驾驶员说I ought to/should go slowly here;it's a built…up area(我是该在此慢行的,这是一个建筑物密集的地区),这通常这意味着他不想要放慢车速。如果他真的要放慢车速,他会说I must go/have to go/I will have to go slowly here。同样,如果某人说 We must have a party to celebrate your engagement(我们必须举办一个聚会来庆祝你的订婚之喜),他的朋友们有相当理由相信会举行聚会的,但如果他说Weshould have a party…就不是非常确定无疑的事了,他说话的语气或表情可能表示不可能举行聚会。
B 用法中类似的地方
1 should(但不是ought)可以用于正式通知或书面文告等:
Candidates should be prepared to answer questions on…
应试者应有准备回答……方面的问题。
Intending travellers should be in possession of the following documents…准备去旅行的人应备有以下的证明文件……
On hearing the alarm bell,hotel guests should leave their rooms…听到警报铃声后,饭店的旅客必须离开各自的房间……
在这里可以用must而不改变句子的意思,但在此should表示义务的口气更缓和些。
2 ought和should可表示忠告:
You ought to/should read this.It's very good.
你应该读一下这个。它写得很好。
但在语气较重的劝告中用must比较好:
You must read this.It's marvellous!
你必须读这个。写得精彩极了!
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142 ought/should与进行式连用
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ought/should与进行式连用时表示主语没有履行其义务,做了
愚蠢、鲁莽的事等或做事不明智、不慎重等:
He ought to be studying for his exam.He shouldn't be spending all his time on the beach.
他本该正在学习以备考试。他不该把他的全部时间都在海滩上度过。We should be wearing seat belts.
我们应该系好安全带。(但我们没有系安全带。)
I shouldn't be telling you this.It's supposed to be a secret.
我不应该告诉你这件事。这是个秘密。
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143 ought/should与完成式连用
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这个结构用来表示没有覆行义务或不明智地忽略了该做的事。在否定式中这一结构表示从前发生的、错误的或愚蠢的事。
You ought to have told him that the paint on that seat was wet.
你本应该告诉他椅子上的油漆还没有干。
You should have turned his omelette;he likes it turned.
你本应该给他摊的鸡蛋翻个身的;他喜欢吃两面都煎透的摊鸡蛋。
They ought to have stopped at the traffic lights.
他们本应在红绿灯处停下。
She shouldn't have opened the letter;it wasn't addressed to her.
她不应该拆开信,信封上写的不是她的名字。
The Emergency Exit doors shouldn't have been blocked.
紧急出口的门本来不应被堵死。
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144 must和have to的各种形式
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A must
must是情态动词。(参见第107节B。)它用于现在时和将来时。
否定式:must not/mustn't
疑问式:must I?等
否定疑问式:must I not?/mustn't I?等
过去时用 had to代替。
must与不带to的不定式(即动词原形)连用。
它可表示义务和语气较强的劝告:
Father:You must get up earlier in the morning.父亲:你早晨必须起早一点。(义务)
You must take more exercise.Join a squash club.
你应该多锻炼。参加一个壁球俱乐部吧。(劝告)
B have to
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Trial version
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*请见下面C。
C 带星号的 have to各形式间的区别
have to(不带got)与否定式 don't/doesn't have to是表示习惯性行动的正确形式,但也可以用于表示一次性行动。在美国英语中是普遍使用的。
have(got)to和haven't(got)to只用于表示一次性行动:
Tom:I have to go to work every day except Sunday.But I don't have to
work a full day on Saturday.
汤姆:除了星期天外我必须每天去上班,但星期六我不必干一整天。但在星期天他可以说:
I'm glad I haven't(got to go to work today./I'm glad I don't have to go to work today.
我真高兴,今天不必上班。
过去式didn't have to既